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Order of States in Ratification of the US Constitution

Order of States in Ratification of the US Constitution The United States Constitution was created to replace the failing Articles of Confederation. At the end of the American Revolution, the founders had created the Articles of Confederation as a method to allow states to keep their individual powers while still gaining of the benefit of being part of a larger entity. The Articles had gone into effect on March 1, 1781. However, by 1787 it became apparent that they were not viable in the long term. This especially became clear when in 1786, Shays Rebellion occurred in western Massachusetts. This was a group of people who were protesting rising debt and economic chaos. When the national government tried to get states to send a military force to help stop the rebellion, many states were reluctant and chose not to get involved. Need for a New Constitution Many states realized the need to come together and form a stronger national government. Some states met to try and deal with their individual trade and economic issues. However, they soon realized that this would not be enough. On May 25, 1787, the states sent delegates to Philadelphia to try and change the Articles to deal with the issues that had arisen. The articles had a number of weaknesses including that each state only had one vote in Congress, and the national government had no power to tax and no ability to regulate foreign or interstate trade. In addition, there was no executive branch to enforce nationwide laws. Amendments required a unanimous vote, and individual laws required a 9/13 majority to pass. Once the individuals who met in what was to become the Constitutional Convention realized that changing the Articles would not be enough to fix the issues facing the new United States, they set to work to replace them with a new Constitution.   Constitutional Convention James Madison, known as the Father of the Constitution, set to work to get a document created that would still be flexible enough to ensure that states retained their rights yet created a strong enough national government to keep order among the states and meet threats from within and without. The 55 framers of the Constitution met in secret to debate the individual parts of the new Constitution. Many compromises occurred over the course of the debate including the Great Compromise. In the end, they had created a document that would need to be sent to the states for ratification. In order for the Constitution to become law, at least nine states would have to ratify the Constitution. Ratification Was Not Assured Ratification did not come easily or without opposition. Led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, a group of influential colonial Patriots known as the Anti-Federalists publicly opposed the new Constitution in town hall meetings, newspapers, and pamphlets. Some argued that the delegates at the Constitutional Convention had overstepped their congressional authority by proposing to replace the Articles of Confederation with an â€Å"illegal† document - the Constitution. Others complained that the delegates in Philadelphia, being mostly wealthy and â€Å"well-born† landowners had proposed a Constitution, and thus a federal government, that would serve their special interests and needs. Another often-expressed objection was that the Constitution reserved too many powers to the central government at the expense of â€Å"state’s rights.† Perhaps the most impactful objection to the Constitution was that the Convention had failed to include a Bill of Rights clearly enumerating the rights that would protect the American people from potentially excessive applications of government powers. Using the pen name Cato, New York’s Governor George Clinton supported the Anti-Federalist views in several newspaper essays, while Patrick Henry and James Monroe led the opposition to the Constitution in Virginia. Favoring ratification, the Federalists responded, arguing that rejection of the Constitution would lead to anarchy and social disorder. Using the pen name Publius, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay countered Clinton’s Anti-Federalist Papers. Beginning in October 1787, the trio published 85 essays for New York newspapers. Collectively titled The Federalist Papers, the essays explained the Constitution in detail along with the framers’ reasoning in creating each section of the document. To the lack of a Bill of Rights, the Federalists argued that such a list of rights would always be incomplete and that the Constitution as written adequately protected the people from the government. Finally, during the ratification debate in Virginia, James Madison promised that the first act of the new government under the Constitution would be the adoption of a Bill of Rights. The Delaware legislature became the first to ratify the Constitution by a vote of 30-0 on December 7, 1787. The ninth state, New Hampshire, ratified it on June 21, 1788, and the new Constitution went into effect on March 4, 1789.   Order of Ratification Here is the order in which the states ratified the US Constitution. Delaware - December 7, 1787Pennsylvania - December 12, 1787New Jersey - December 18, 1787Georgia - January 2, 1788Connecticut - January 9, 1788Massachusetts - February 6, 1788Maryland - April 28, 1788South Carolina - May 23, 1788New Hampshire - June 21, 1788Virginia - June 25, 1788New York - July 26, 1788North Carolina - November 21, 1789Rhode Island - May 29, 1790 Updated by Robert Longley

The Geography Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Geography Case Analysis - Essay Example With Weiner as the storyteller, the street to euphoria is undoubtedly going to be a bit bouncy, yet it is distinct to be very interesting. Most readers love when a phenomenon is explained to them in details as out of their understanding they tend to put together pieces of information being relayed and get the intended meaning without unnecessarily straining to achieve this. This essay is a critical analysis of the Half-overseas dealings speech, half comedy, and half-twisted guide by blending tour, psychology, and humor to explore not what happiness is, but where to find happiness among Swiss residents. In my opinion, the writer should not have not negatively represented the Swiss people in his book since those who are not residents upon reading the book develop a negative mentality or attitude towards all residents of Swiss in spite of some not being terrible as depicted in the book. Writer’s personal hatred for Swiss people should not be a reason for the readers to read their negative aspects instead of the positive ones. â€Å"Damn them, I thought at the time, damn the efficient, competent Swiss to hell (28)† Swiss individuals were not generally the most loved individuals on the authors rundown. He was on a trip to discover the purpose behind their bliss, and he began it by recognizing their great things. By and by, condemning them in the meantime, much the same as when he composed " â€Å"And, goodness, the air is clean. The streets are about spotless. Whats more, given us a chance to not overlook the chocolate, which is tasty and ample, however upbeat? (29)† I saw no satisfaction on the characteristics of the decently tented Swiss couple in Africa but peacefulness. The author was searching for their reason of bliss yet overlooking the easily overlooked primary things like how they did their daily activities. In the meantime, he could have abandoned the inclinations of critically assessing a situation. Writer’s negative biases towards

Governing the Uk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Governing the Uk - Essay Example Political power has been devolved to new ranks of government, the judiciary has been mandated to review the government actions with a lot of powers, introduction of new systems of electing representatives have been devised, second chamber membership has been reorganized, authority over monetary control has been delegated to an independent body, access to formal information has been slackened and the way political parties are being funded has been reviewed. There are some consequences that have been observed as a result of these reforms on Britain’s political structure, though they endure silence regarding their impacts. Some are devoted to impacts of reforms, but pay attention to individual bodies or institutions, instead of looking at the impacts of several reforms realized jointly. Even though these tremendous changes have been witnessed, there are several reforms that need to be tackled due to everyday emergence of new political shifts. This stands to be the right time to a sk some questions regarding institutions and policies that need changes to sustain development in the United Kingdom for the next reasonable century. This latter will try to outline some few changes needed in some institutions to foster growth. The United Kingdom has several structural flaws, witnessed in years of insufficient durable skills investment, innovation and infrastructure. Investment failure is firmly grounded as a result of inability to acquire even planning, tactical vision and partisan consensus on the required policy outline to support development and growth. Radical changes are needed especially in the parliamentary sectors. Britain parliament has always been mandated to oversee most of infrastructural developments geared towards Britain realizing its economic development. At the same time, Parliament also steers infrastructural development in Africa especially to African countries who are members of the European Union. According to parliamentary reports, economic in frastructure responsible for water, communications transport and power is the main engine to kick out poverty. It supports economic development and significant economic growth. Accessing necessary infrastructure still remains a challenge with a reasonable number of Africans still in dire need for these infrastructures. United Kingdom government through its parliament spend billions of dollars in funding these developments of which is appropriate since Africa is also a major business partner; the question procedures involved in undertaking these transactions. It is not breaking news to hear of funds embezzlement set for such projects, this triggers a lot of question in a common citizen’s mind on how tax pay is being spent. The parliament has been awarded power to oversee these projects but they still do face a lot of challenges. For parliament to realize effective outcome, one of my major recommendations is the formation of an infrastructure commission and board management. Th is board’s strategy is to give independent skilled intelligence to parliament to aid it in prioritizing infrastructure development. Stronger support can be fostered through the infrastructure management commission whose mandate would be to ensure implementations of these priorities. At the same time the commission should have authority to share these benefits with those who stand a chance of losing from these

Victors Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Victors Dilemma - Essay Example Taking into account the risks involved in the first two options, the probability of earning money by choosing any of the two changes. In the Figure 1, the three options are substantially evaluated in terms of the probability of each and the payouts each option entails. If Victor chooses to sue the motorist, there is an equal chance of him to win or to lose. However, this option will cost him a flat fee of $500. Losing the case will cost him nothing but the $500 fee for suing. The option of threatening to sue automatically costs Victor $100 for the letter. Further decisions will depend on the motorist's reaction. If the motorist offers a settlement offer of $1000, this means that there is a higher chance of him winning the case if he chooses to sue. This is represented by a 60/40 probability in the figure. If the motorist ignores the letter, it implies that Victor's chance of losing the case if he wishes to pursue the case in the court decreases. He may to ignore the case as well. This leads him to doing the third option which is doing nothing. Doing nothing after threatening to sue costs him $100 for the letter. Y et, if he chooses the third option without sending any letter, it would not cost him anything. It even gives him peace, which is valued as $100. Figure 2 shows the estimated value of each option.

Teenage Pregnancy: Health and Social Issue Analysis

Teenage Pregnancy: Health and Social Issue Analysis Today teenage pregnancy is evolving as a serious problem all over the world. It defines as getting pregnant below eighteen years. Researches reveal that almost fifteen million teen pregnancies occur every year. These teen pregnancies are mostly common in developing countries where teenagers lack parental monitoring and they are unaware of modern birth control methods. Many teenagers plan to get pregnant, but mostly do not. Unplanned pregnancies occur at all levels of age, creed, and race with a particular negative impact among teenage population. Teen pregnancy is an important social problem and as well as a major health issue, that need to reduce because of the negative consequences that it bears on teenagers. They are at risk of conception and many sexually transmitted infections. On fearing the medical procedures and parental responses, they hide the fact of pregnancy and therefore are at more risk of its severe consequences. They did not receive parental care on time. Moreover, studies shows that teenagers are psychologically immature and unstable and the additional stress of pregnancy on them brings up negative results. In 2000, â€Å"The Health of Nation† failed to reduce the rate of teen pregnancies. Another policy set the target to halve the rate by 2010. In order to achieve the target, many other policies were set based on researches especially on focusing the importance of parental monitoring and use of contraception. Recent literature on teen pregnancy prevention mostly focuses on parental monitoring. Role of parents in this issue is crucial. They are responsible for educating their children and providing them enough knowledge about the negative consequences of teen pregnancies. The rate of teen pregnancies is high especially among those who suffer from poor education in their childhood. Another interest that lies on the parent’s role in reducing the unplanned teen pregnancies is by talking openly with the teens about this issue through several controversies exist on whether it increases the sexual activity or vice versa (DiClemente, 2001). The studies mainly focus on parental monitoring in order to prevent teen pregnancies because the effectiveness of the parental influence in attitude, knowledge, and behavior among their children lower the teen’s risk of adolescent pregnancy. Research shows that higher parental monitoring decreases the sexual activity and avoids unplanned pregnancies in teens. Parental monitoring has a positive effect on healthy adolescent development. Influence of parental role and relation between parenthood and teen pregnancy is clear in this issue. In order to have an effect or successful outcome of parental monitoring, not only teenagers but parents also need education to monitor effectively without being overprotective. They need education to talk efficiently to their children about birth control methods, safe sex, and sexually transmitted diseases. The parents need to focus on their views and concepts about sex education and find out if they are comfortable and know how to talk to their children. Identification of adolescent females who are usually at high risk of getting unplanned pregnancies is the key to prevention. Parents require education no matter the setting of teen is at the primary care office, clinic, school, or emergency rooms. Further research needs to be done for improving parental skills and their outcomes. Nationally, the teen pregnancies are increasing at a staggering rate. However, some appropriate programs help in preventing these pregnancies among the teenagers. There are federal laws for promoting abstinence only education and providing funding for these programs based on abstinence. Such programs not only help to prevent the teen pregnancies but they positively correlate with decrease in the amount of unplanned pregnancies and births among teenagers. The recent literature study of Stanger-Hall and Hall in 2011 reveals that the most effective approach is the ‘level 1 style’ that provides comprehensive safe sex education and STD education. It covers the use of birth control methods and abstinence. The Nurse Practitioners (NPs) are confident in educating parents about the positive impacts of these programs in preventing teen pregnancies (Stanger-Hall, 2011). Several intervention based programs need to help prevent the unplanned pregnancies in the adolescent. Some of the interventions require coming from the parents at home or office of primary care provider. It is the job of NPs to identify those adolescents, who show high-risk behavior in these pregnancies. The NPs need to ensure the confidentiality of their patients and develop the trusting relationship with them. They need to give education to the parents efficiently and refer them to the websites or groups regarding teen pregnancy prevention. Contraception or the use of contraceptive methods is another way of preventing teen pregnancies. Research shows that most of the unplanned pregnancies among the teenagers are due the fact that they are either unaware of using contraceptive methods or they do not use contraception consistently. Free contraceptives available and provided for high and middle school students within schools around the world help in preventing the great amount of teen pregnancies. However, these schools preferred to give contraceptives to only those children who have their parents’ permission (Shoupe, 2007). A comprehensive education on safe sex has successful effects on the use of contraception. The Family Growth National Survey reveals that teenagers who receive safe sex education that includes contraception and prevention from sexually transmitted diseases, are less likely to have unplanned pregnancies. Contraception such as birth controls and condoms offered at affordable or discounted prices may help to reduce teen pregnancies. The effective and appropriate use of contraception will contract sexually transmitted diseases. It will not encourage the teenagers to have sex but will lower the risk of unplanned teen pregnancies. School-based health centers or SBHCs is a great community resource for adolescents to provide friendly primary care services to this population. More SBHCs need across the nation to open in order to release their restrictions of providing contraceptive services. Intervention based programs are changing the sexual education standards which means to change some of the laws at the federal, state, and local level. The new standards of National Sexuality Education released in 2001 focus on changing the federal, state, and local laws. Social programs started with the purpose of preventing teen pregnancies began to disappear slowly. US administration provides some limited financial investment only for evidence based programs. Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Programs and other programs like Planned Parenthood help to prevent the teen pregnancies by providing low cost or free birth control and contraception to teenagers (Bennett, 2005). In this way, service providers implement these programs effectively and successfully. They are developing new strategies and polices that will prevent unplanned teen pregnancies. In conclusion, teen pregnancy is preventable that is a major social and health issue burdening many communities around the world. Early comprehensive and effective safe sex education including parental monitoring and contraceptive prevention is the important key that needs to start by the parents at home and reinforced continually at school and primary care office.

Augustus Ceasar :: Essays Papers

Augustus Ceasar Two of the most destructive problems facing the late Roman Republic were the instability and disunity caused by incessant civil wars. Rome's rapid expansion, after the Punic Wars, resulted in socioeconomic changes that permanently divided the state. Both aristocratic and plebeian parties sought total control of Rome and tried to destroy each other. Civil war was the continuation of party politics by other means. Consequently, the power of the military became supreme. Control of Rome's armies steadily shifted away from the legitimate government to the generals because the soldiers began to give their allegiance to their generals rather than to the civil authorities. On dismissal from military service, the legionnaires had no farms to return to, and they depended entirely on whatever land and money their generals could provide since the government was unwilling or unable to supply veterans with livelihoods. Thus, the generals became autonomous centers of power. The general who dominated the strongest army ruled the state. Repeated power struggles of these military strongmen ignited more civil wars that further undermined the stability and unity of the late Roman Republic. Augustus saw how divisive to the Roman polity civil war was. He understood that control of the legions by the civil government was necessary for the establishment of peace and order throughout the Roman Empire. He wanted to reorganize and institute changes in the military to assure that it would not rise again in support of some triumphant general to challenge the legitimacy of the state. Since warfare within the Empire was eliminated, the role of the legions changed. Its main objectives consisted in protecting the borders from foreign foes and pacifying conquered lands through the gradual introduction of the Roman language, law, administration, and engineering. Augustus' priority was to reduce the number of the legions from 60 to 28, settling in the process more than 100,000 veterans in colonies in Italy, Africa, Asia, and Syria. While proscription financed previous resettlement efforts, the vast wealth of Egypt, which he seized after Antony's defeat, subsidized Augustus' massive resettlement program. He raised the troops' salary and regularized the payment of pensions, which consisted of land and money, to veterans. Augustus, thus, reduced the old threat of soldiers giving their allegiance to wealthy generals rather than to the state. He also standardized the length of military service. The Roman legion became a professional, long service force with an esprit de corp that earlier legions did not have. Each legion was commanded by an officer

Meditech Surgical Case Paper

Furthermore, suggestions will be made in order to improve Medicine's position and remain relative in the medical industry. Issues in new products, manufacturing of all products Some issues that have resulted from the introduction of new products have been issues with supply and customer service. Although finished goods seemed high, the level of service was very low. Another issue meditate is experiencing Is panic ordering which has allowed dealers and affiliates uncertain If a product will be delivered on time to Increase the size of the order, causing demand to Increase but monish actual supply.The data that was gathered demonstrated a new product reached a high peak during the first couple of weeks and maintained stable, however changes in production schedules have exceeded demand. Poor forecasting are some of the major Issues and low Inventory, an improvement In a regression analysis of past data will Increase areas of Improvement. Driving factors systemically and organizationally Issues that are affecting meditate systemically and organizationally are poor demand forecasts, which are allowing for high levels of inventory.A third party consultant determined that the current inventory could be reduced up to 40 percent. Although high inventory levels are high, service levels are low failing to meet the organizations objectives. These Issues affect not only sales but also the reputation of the organization, which causes the organizations status in the market to diminish. Furthermore Meditate took several Initiatives In accurately monitoring past demand forecasts to better determine and improve inventory demand. Customer Service Manager attention to current problemsThe role of customer service is to determine and handle various types of issues, which include customer complaints, and to develop effective strategies to improve customer service. Customer service ensures deliveries schedules are followed tongue Ana Is ten TLS contact Tort customers to vales AT any p ossible Issues or complaints. The increase in panic ordering and data to determine if panic ordering was occurring was difficult to track. The customer service manager ensured his staff to gather and observe past demands patterns, production rates, and demand recasts to further identify the decrease of customer service.Strategies to improve customer service Distribution Network Configuration The current issues that are affecting meditate are changes in demand patterns and increases in inventory. Configuring the network of distribution will ensure products are produced serve geographical dispersed retailers. Inventory control is highly important since customer demand change over time retailers must observe what point in time to reorder a given product and the minimum amount to Justify inventory ordering and carrying costs.Customer Service The measurement of customer value is highly important and will maximize meditates position in the market as new products designs, technology, and v alue arise in any given market what will allow a company to flourish over its competitors is high end customer service and value. By measuring past trends in the market and opportunities for improvement, this will allow meditate to gain the advantage in the market place. Smart Pricing In order to allow medicated to improve supply chain performance, smart pricing an allow meditate to influence pricing and inventory to influence market demand.As competition arise, to gain a competitive edge using effective marketing management can allow medicated to enter a new product more effectively and ensure the price and inventory is available for the consumer. Medicated goal is to keep its brand high and allow its reputation to grow as the leader in endoscopies surgical instruments. Conclusion To gain a competitive advantage in a given market by incorporating effective strategic management and an efficient supply chain will ensure the given products et organizational goals.

Formal Letter Essays

Formal Letter Essays Formal Letter Essay Formal Letter Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: : Formal Letter The XYZ Corporation, P.O. Box 1234, California, United States of America. Mr. Hoshi Reynolds, 1234 Rue Internationals, P.O. Box 322192, Paris, France.15/7/2011. Dear Sir, REF: CONTRACT AGREEMENT Following frequent disagreements with one of your subcontractors, we have suspended any form of communication with your firm. We were dissatisfied with the commodities they have to offer, insincere apologies for various encountered setbacks and the disappointments accruing thereafter to our trusted customers. In order to restore the business’ reputation, we have taken a key interest in your company and therefore, we would like to structure a business contract dealing with the supply of spare parts to our organization. We believe that your company’s output will be of great use to us and that our business interactions will be enhanced over the subsequent trading periods. We look forward to doing business with you. A copy of your commodities pricelist before 3 August 2011 will be highly appreciated. Yours Sincerely, The Managing Director.

Literary Analysis For Fahrenheit 451 Essays - Social Science Fiction

Literary Analysis For Fahrenheit 451 Essays - Social Science Fiction Literary Analysis for Fahrenheit 451 In Ray Bradury's novel, Fahrenheit 451, there is a very commonly known as a book of science fiction book. More specifically one that refers to the future, and the consequences that can be inflicted as a result of the world having very little individuality. However, this book also has had a long lasting effect on the world as we know it to be presently. Bradbury is obviously very concerned with the world, and how it is losing its individuality. This novel represents the differences of having indiviuality versus conformity. Ray Bradbury is also concerned with people's willingness to act out upon things that are seldomly attempted because of fear of persecution. As the story is plotted, the people of the United States, who are unaware of their true potential, walk through their lives as if they were programmed robots or machines that are not able to think for themselves. The government, both federal and local, have threatened an frightened the people of the nation. Because of this, the people are afraid to act out upon the government because they are afraid of becoming isolated in the world. Different from the world that we know, the poeple are not taught to read at school, or at their homes. If a person attempts to even take possession of a book, they have all of their possessions taken away from them and their houses burned. Therefore, as time progresses the poeple become more and more ignorant about the world around them and its potential. One good example of showing how the people have lost their individuality is when Clairisse shows up in town. The town is a very happy and quiet town, but when this seventeen year old girl shows up in town, she immediatley has effects on people. Montag is the one person that would listen and understand her. She would continually ask him questions all of the time, an Montage would get annoyed by it. However, after that, he realized that the world was a much more bigger and intrigueing place. He started reading books in secrecy and soon became very aware of the potential that people had in them. Another example is when Montage started to read a book aloud to guests at his house. Mildred invited her friends over to watch a form of television. Montag got angry at how the women were so ignorant. When he started to read aloud from a poem, even though the women were somewhat intrigued by the poem they were still frightened. This conformity that plays a such large role in the women's lives is a prime example of how stubborn and unaware the people are. A very good example of how ignorant the people are is how they allowed the people with influence to change the past. For example, during the time period in the book the firmen were taught to start fires. They were even told that in the past the firemen were always starting the fires. People were so ignorant that they didn't even stop to gain logic about that fact. In conclusion, Ray Bradbury wrote this novel not just to entertain the reader. He probably also wrote Fahrenheit 451 to get the people to understand what could happen to the world if people begin to stray off towards conformity, and lose their individuality and ability to speak their opinion.

Neural Networks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Neural Networks - Research Paper Example This paper presents an overview of the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This paper will outline the basic idea, some history and uses of ANN. Basically an artificial neural network is a collection of programs of data structures that is almost capable of the process of the human brain. In this scenario, a neural network encompasses a wide variety of processors that work collaboratively, each with its own small sphere of facts and makes use of the data in its local memory. In addition, an ANN can be considered as a computer program or simulation that is built through a wide variety of clear-cut and extremely unified processing components that are capable of managing information by means of their active state reaction to inputs. In fact, artificial neural networks have the capability to solve those problems that are difficult to resolve using traditional processes and techniques, as well as sometime a lot of them have been tackled through neural networks, for instance forecasting gras sland community, analysis of seismic signals or solar radiation, control of chaotic dynamical systems, data and air quality control and categorization of remotely sensed information (Benvenuto & Marani, 2000; Giles, 1998; Laudon & Laudon, 1999). According to (Stergiou & Siganos, 2010), an artificial neural network is a data processing model that is inspired by the method of biological nervous systems information processing. Neural Network is also a renowned and heavily researched area of the AI. Stergiou & Siganos (2010) described that in the neural network field the working of human neuron is copied into the computer based systems. In addition, the neural network is an AI based computer program which imitates the human nervous systems’ working. It is based on neural net which has weights on each node that can be adjusted to make suitable decisions. Such systems are typically seen in automatic driving systems that are under-research and at the early stages of development (Ste rgiou & Siganos, 2010; Laudon & Laudon, 1999). The history of the artificial neural networks can be traced back to the 1940's with the introduction of the first neural network computing model, which was presented by McCulloch and Pitts. In the 1950's, Rosenblatt's work got a considerable attention of researchers. Additionally, this work was further resulted in a two-layer network, the perceptron, which was able to learn various classifications by making changes to connection weights. Without a doubt, the

Walmart Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Walmart - Research Paper Example A progress in economy is achieved only when there is an uninterrupted production and consumption force. The growing population has made sure that the latter is always satisfied. It is the productivity that has a volatile quality attached to it. Productivity is one major force that can push the economic prosperity of any country, provided the workers and producers work towards the development of quality and cost-effective products. In the current scenario, with economic exploitation and commercialization spreading across at a rapid rate, there is an opportunity for everyone to compete in an equal environment. To be on top of such an environment, for more than three decades, it must take a great deal of effort and commitment. In this case, all those terms that define and celebrate success can only be associated with Wal-Mart, the world’s leading super-market. Be it in pricing of the products, implementation of latest technology to manage inventories or in customer satisfaction, Wal-Mart has always succeeded in achieving the best. The have become the largest employer in private category and have an outstanding record of having 8 out of every 10 Americans to be their customers. It has always been the case where they set the benchmark for the successful running of a private organization, and always, other competitors have followed their footsteps. Wal-Mart – How it began It all started, when a small time business man, Sam Walton, decided to start an innovative grocery store, innovative not by its design but by the principal of its working. When every other grocery store owner was trying to pocket the maximum discount got from supplier’s end, Walton decided to give it to the consumer itself. The principle behind that being, less price means less profit and more sales but, more sales guarantees a consistent profit. It was an instant success and riding on it, Walton went on to open Wal-Mart, his first of the many grocery stores, in the year 1962. ( Frank, 2011) Strategies of Wal-Mart Living a very modest life, Sam Walton was extremely frugal in his expenses. His mode of living helped him to focus on the principle of selling quality goods at low cost so that people get benefitted for each of their shillings they spend. The company still continues to work on this principle and continues to reap success. (Frank, 2011) The strategies of the organization are based on the motives given below: To be on top of the retail market ladder in each of their branch location By expanding the size of each store and selling every product at a cost comparatively lower to their competitors and by expanding their volume of sales, they have managed to achieve being a top company in retail market. To have a global expansion They have sustained their dominance by expanding globally. They have also spread their bases in eastern countries like China and India and have also made efforts to open outlets in developing countries. As a proof of their global expansion, they have about 2 million employees working in the organization, with 27 brands of Wal-Mart products and around 8000 retail outlets spread out in 15 countries. In 2009 alone, they have spent more than 4 billion to expand their outlets. (Densley, 2010) To improve customer satisfaction by developing a sense of trust about Wal-Mart They aim to achieve supreme quality with the products they sell through their brand name and provide the same at the lowest price possible. To improve the satisfaction of the customers, Wal-Mart has even made partnerships with other businesses like the food stores (e.g. McDonalds) and hang-out stores to allow them to keep a branch within their outlet. This helped the customers to have a feel of a complete and happy shopping experience. To expand business in other commercial product sectors. In the recent years, Wal-Mart has successfully ventured into new sectors like the pharmacy market, auto-markets, electronic products etc. They have maintained their